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--- tutorials:basic [2013/07/14 17:14]
irl
+++ tutorials:basic [2024/10/04 04:14] (current)
papa [Using BASIC]
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-====== **Under Construction** ======
-This page is under construction by user IRL. Please don't mess with it until I've removed this message. I'll be working on this over the next few hours.
- --- //[[irl@twenex.org|irl]] 2013/07/14 16:16//
 ====== Using BASIC ======
-You should read a tutorial on using one of the available text editors before reading this tutorial. This tutorial will assume that you're comfortable running programs from the EXEC and creating text files.
+TWENEX's BASIC programming system is **LOTS BASIC**, developed at Stanford University.
-For a full guide to the BASIC language available, see [[http://manx.classiccmp.org/details/1,18285|the original manual]].
-===== Your first BASIC program =====
-This section will explain the fundamentals of creating a BASIC program, compiling and running it.
-BASIC programs require line numbers. You should increment each line by 10 to allow for adding lines in between later.
-Start by creating a file with the file extension of .B20 with the contents:
-''10 PRINT "Hello, World!"''
-This is the infamous Hello, World! program for the TOPS-20 flavor of BASIC.
-To run the program, start the BASIC program:
-''@BASIC''
-You will now need to load your program. At the ''READY'' prompt, type:
-''OLD''
+Start BASIC with the EXEC command ''BASIC''. Return to EXEC with the BASIC command ''MONITOR''.
-You'll then be prompted for the filename of the source file you created. For instance, if you called the file ''HELLO.B20'' then that's what you should enter.
+The following tutorial is adapted from chapter 17. "Using BASIC" in //LOTS DECSYSTEM-20 Overview Manual//((
+//LOTS DECSYSTEM-20 Overview Manual//. (1984). Accessed: October 1, 2024. [Online]. Available:
+http://bitsavers.org/pdf/stanford/lots/LOTS_DECSYSTEM-20_Overview_Rev9_Sep84.pdf)). (The referenced chapter contains additional information on LOTS BASIC file manipulation and other commands.)
-At the next ''READY'' prompt, type ''RUN'' to run the program. You'll see "Hello, World!" printed on the output.
+(Although not strictly relevant to LOTS BASIC, a description of the BASIC programming language largely the same as that supported by LOTS BASIC can be found in //DECsystem-10 BASIC Conversational Language Manual//((//DECsystem-10 BASIC Conversational Language Manual//. (1974). Accessed: October 1, 2024. [Online]. Available: http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp10/TOPS10_softwareNotebooks/vol06/DEC-10-LBLMA-A-D_BASIC_Conversational_Language_Manual_Mar74.pdf)).)
+===== BASIC Example =====
-In order to build the program for use without the BASIC program, type ''BUILD''. Then return to the EXEC by typing ''MON''. Assuming the program was named ''HELLO.B20'', you should now see a ''HELLO.EXE'' in the same directory. When you run this, you'll see the "Hello, World!" output as before.
+For those already familiar with BASIC and who would like a summary of LOTS BASIC commands, skip the following example and see [[#BASIC Command Summary|BASIC Command Summary]].
-===== Variables =====
+Here is an example of how you might start BASIC, enter a program and run it, then leave BASIC. In the example, what the user types in is underlined. We start in the EXEC, which prompts with the @. The BASIC command starts the BASIC program.
-==== Assignment ====
+> ''@__basic__''
+> ''Welcome to LOTS-BASIC''
+> ''For help, type HELP''
+> ''To exit, type MONITOR''
-Variable assignment in BASIC is pretty similar to every other programming language. It takes the form of:
+BASIC types a greeting message, spaces down a line and stops. We may no begin typing in our program, including the line numbers. At the end of each line we press the RETURN key; BASIC will then be ready to accept another line or a command.
-''VAR = VALUE'' or (optionally) ''LET VAR = VALUE''
+> ''__10 print "Type in a number"__''
+> ''__20 input a__''
+> ''__30 if a=0 go to 70__''
+> ''__40 let s2=a*a__''
+> ''__50 print "The square of",a,"is",s2__''
+> ''__60 go to 10__''
+> ''__70 stop__''
-Variables do not need to be declared before use. Standard arithmetic operations like +, -, / and * are available for use with either number literals or variable names.
+We have finished typing in the program, so we ask BASIC to run it by typing the RUN command. BASIC knows this command is not part of the program because it does not begin with a line number. BASIC types out the name of the program and the date and time. The heading "NONAME" stems for the fact that we haven't named the program yet.
-==== Types ====
+> ''__run__''
+> ''NONAME          17:00          10-Aug-84''
+> ''? NO END INSTRUCTION''
+> ''TIME:  0.04 SECS.''
+>
+> ''READY''
-BASIC variable types are determined by an optional suffix to the variable name. A suffix of $ indicates that the variable holds a string. A suffix of % indicates that the variable holds an integer. No suffix indicates that a variable holds a number (possibly with fractional part).
+BASIC tells us that the program needs an END statement, then it tells us how long the run took. When BASIC types READY, it means that it is waiting for another command or a new program line. We need to add an END statement, which is always the last line in a program. We can give it any number greater than 70. The line numbers aren't required to be incremented by tens.
-It is important to remember that X, X$ and X% are all different variables, not just different interpretations of the same variable.
+> ''__100 end__''
-===== Reading Input =====
-Reading input from the terminal is rather simple. The function used is called ''INPUT''.
+Now our program should run, so we try it again. The "?" tells us that we should type something in. We type in a 15 and BASIC tells us the square of it.
-The value read can be a number, integer or string depending upon the variable type given as a parameter.
+> ''__run__''
+>
+> ''NONAME          17:01          10-Aug-84''
+>
+> ''Type in a number''
+> ''? __15__''
+> ''The square of   15        is          225''
+> ''Type in a number''
+> ''? __666__''
+> ''The square of   666       is          443556''
+> ''Type in a number''
+> ''? __0__''
+> ''TIME:  0.24 SECS.''
+>
+> ''READY''
-The "Hello, World!" program can be extended to be personalised like so:
+By the way, you probably understood the program as it was written, without any commentary on our part; this illustrates the advantage of BASIC: it is easy to understand. Now let's add one more line.
-<code>
+> ''__55 print "And that's the truth!"__''
-PRINT "Enter your name:"
-INPUT X$
-PRINT "Hello, " + $X + "!"
-</code>
-This is also an example of string concatenation.
+It makes perfect sense to insert this line between lines 50 and 60, and this is what BASIC does. Let's see what the program looks like now. The "NH" we append to the "LIST" stands for "no header".
-===== Loops =====
-Given that every line has a line number, it can become tempting to use the GOTO function. This function gives an unconditional jump to the specified line number. This is a bad idea.
+> ''__listnh__''
+>
+> ''10 PRINT "Type in a number"''
+> ''20 INPUT A''
+> ''30 IF A=0 GO TO 70''
+> ''40 LET S2=A*A''
+> ''50 PRINT "The square of",A,"is",S2''
+> ''55 PRINT "And that's the truth!"''
+> ''60 GO TO 10''
+> ''70 STOP''
+> ''100 END''
+>
+> ''READY''
-"The unbridled use of the go to statement has as an immediate consequence that it becomes terribly hard to find a meaningful set of coordinates in which to describe the process progress. ... The go to statement as it stands is just too primitive, it is too much an invitation to make a mess of one's program." -- Edsger Dijkstra (March 1968). "[[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=362929.362947|Go To Statement Considered Harmful]]". Communications of the ACM 11 (3): 147–148.
+We rerun the program to see the effect of the new line.
-There are three structured programming loop structures available for use in BASIC: for, while and do.
+> ''__runnh__''
+>
+> ''Type in a number''
+> ''? __4__''
+> ''The square of  4         is          16''
+> ''And that's the truth!''
+> ''Type in a number''
+> ''? __0__''
+> ''TIME:  0.19 SECS.''
+>
+> ''READY''
-==== for loops ====
+Having put so much effort into our program, we would like to keep it around for later use. In saving it, we decide to give it the name TEST.
-==== while loops ====
+> ''__save test__''
+>
+> ''READY''
-==== do loops ====
+In the future, when we are in BASIC and want to retrieve this program, we would use the command "OLD TEST". We have reached the end of our example, se we return to the EXEC.
-===== Conditionals =====
+> ''__monitor__''
+> ''@''
-==== if statements ====
+We will find our saved program on our disk area under the name TEST.BAS.
-==== switch statements ====
+===== BASIC Command Summary =====
+This is a summary of commands in version 17D of LOTS BASIC.
-===== Sample Programs =====
+|CTRL/C|Interrupts the currently executing program and returns to BASIC command level. To return to the EXEC, give the MON command.|
+|BYE|Logs you completely off the system.|
+|CATALOG dev:|Lists onto the user's terminal the names of the user's files which exist on the specified device.|
+|COPY dev:filenm.typ > dev:filenm.typ||
+| |Copies the first file onto the second.|
+|DELETE line number arguments||
+| |Erases the specified lines from core. For example, "DELETE 11,44-212,13" erases line 11, lines 44 through 212, and line 13. If no arguments are specified, an error message is returned. It is not necessary to use the delete command to erase lines. You can erase a line simply by typing its line number and then depressing the return key.|
+|LIST line number arguments||
+| |Lists the specified lines of the program currently in core onto the user's terminal. The line number arguments are of the form described under the delete command. If no arguments are specified, the entire program is listed.|
+|MONITOR|Returns to the EXEC. BASIC may be resumed via CONTINUE. This is just like CTRL/C for most non-BASIC programs. BASIC intercepts CTRL/C aside from returning to BASIC command level.|
+|NEW dev:filenm.typ||
+| |The program currently in core is erased from core and the specified filename is established as the name of the "program currently in core". N.B., at the end of execution of this command, no lines exist in core.|
+|OLD dev:filenm.typ||
+| |The program currentloy in core is erased from core and the specified file is pulled into core to become the new "program currently in core".|
+|RENAME dev:filenm.typ||
+| |Changes the name of the program currently in core to the specified name.|
+|REPLACE|See SAVE.|
+|RESEQUENCE|Changes the line numbers of the program currently in core to 10, 20, 30,.... (Line numbers within lines (as, GO TO 1000) are changed appropriately).|
+|RUN|Compiles and executes the program currently in core. The command RUNNH is equivalent, but runs the program without printing a header.|
+|SAVE dev:filenm.typ||
+| |Writes out the program currently in core as a file with the specified name. BASIC will return an error message if save attempts to write over an existing file; to write over a file you must type "REPLACE" instead of "SAVE".|
+|SCRATCH|Erased from core the program currently in core.|
+|SYSTEM|Exits from BASIC to monitor level. N.B., the contents of core are lost. You must give the EXEC command REENTER rathre than CONTINUE, START, or BASIC to resume the current BASIC program. "MONITOR" is recommended instead of "SYSTEM".|
+|UNSAVE dev:filenm.typ||
+| |Deletes the specified file. More than one file can be specified; for example, UNSAVE DSK:ONE.FOR,SX:TEST.BAS|
-//Users should feel free to add their programs to this section.//
+In the commands above which accept such arguments, if "dev:" is omitted, "DSK:" is assumed; if ".typ" is omitted, ".BAS" is assumed. A null file type is indicated by "." with no "typ". The SAVE, REPLACE, and UNSAVE commands allow the "filenm" part of the argument to be omitted, in which case ".typ" must be omitted also and the name and file type of the program currently in core are assumed.
-===== See Also =====
+The keywords of commands (CATALOG, LIST, etc.) may be abbreviated to their first three letters. Only the three letter abbreviation and the full word form are legal; intermediate abbreviations such as CATAL, for example, are not allowed. If an intermediate abbreviation is used, the extra letters will be seen as part of the command argument (because BASIC does not see blank spaces or tabs at command level.) For example, "CATAL SX:" would be seen as a request to catalog the device "ALSX:". An example of a legal abbreviated command is: CAT DOC:
-  * [[tutorials:basic interpreter|Using the BASIC Interpreter]]
+Whenever BASIC finishes executing a command, it types "READY". It does not answer "READY" after deleting a line by the alternate method described under the delete command or after receiving a line for the program currently in core from the user's terminal.
-  * [[tutorials:basic advanced|Advanced BASIC Concepts]]
-===== External Resources =====
+To insert or replace a line in the program currently in core, simply type the line and then press the RETURN key. BASIC distinguishes between lines (which must be stored or erased) and commands (which must be processed) by the fact that a line always begins with a line number whereas commands all begin with letters.
-  * [[http://manx.classiccmp.org/details/1,18285|the original manual]]

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